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Surrogate

In Victorian England, surrogate was an ecclesiastical official who acted on behalf of a bishop, especially in matters such as issuing marriage licenses.  Gabriel Oak visits the surrogate's office to obtain marriage license. A marriage license was an alternative to having the marriage announced by banns on three successive sundays. By purchasing a license, the couple could marry sooner and with greater privacy. Hardy's brief mention of the surrogate's office indicates that Gabriel has obtained marriage license.  Marriage by banns was the ordinary and the least expensive way of marrying in the church of England during Hardy's time.  Before wedding, the banns (a public announcement of the intended marriage ) had to be read out aloud in church on three consecutive Sundays during the main service.  The announcement typically says: "I publish the banns of marriage between A and B.  If any of you know cause or just impediment why these two persons should not be joined ...
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Camaraderie

Camaraderie is a strong feeling of trust, loyalty and friendship that develops among people who share common experiences, goals or interests. It is a social glue that bonds teammates, coworkers or peers fostering a warm and supportive environment.  Key aspects of camaraderie: • Shared experience: It is usually forged through time spent together, particularly when facing challenges or working towards a collective mission, such as in sports, the military and workplace project.  • Mutual Respect: Unlike casual friendship, it is highly rooted in mutual respect and reliability.  Etymology:- The term origanates from the French word camarade meaning comrade or roommate, which derives from the Latin word camera meaning room. 
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Idioms & Phrases: Fret and fume

Fret and fume is a common English idiom that describes a state of intense anxiety combined with visible anger or irritation.  It paints a picture of someone continuously worrying about a situation while visibly simmering with rage, often complaining or agonizing over it without taking steps to fix it.  The phrase traces its roots back to Old English and combines two distinct emotional reactions: Fret: Originating from Old English freotan meaning devour or consume.  It refers to the gnawing or worrying, the mental anguish of a situation.  It is the internal anxiety or distress.  Fume: Derived from the Latin fumus meaning smoke, it refers to outward display of anger, seething or blowing of steam.  It is the visible hot-headedness of the person.  People often fret and fume over things outside of their control, such as frustrating traffic, a lingering IT problem or a tense meeting at work. 
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Fifty Six: Far From The Madding Crowd: Thomas Hardy - Beauty in Loneliness

Bathsheba had revived by the spring. She remained alone for the greater part of her time, in the house with occasional presence in the garden.  She shunned everyone including Liddy.  As summer drew on she passed more of her time in the open air, and began to look into farm matters out of sheer necessity. One Friday evening in August she walked a little way along the road and entered the orchard for the first time after the dreadful Christmas.  None of the old colour has yet come back to her cheek and its absolute paleness was heightened by the jet black of her dress. When she reached at the other end of the orchard which opened nearly opposite to the church, Bathsheba paused.  Nobody was in the high road and the congregation was in church.  She opened the gate, crossed the road, and entered the church yard, the high sills of the church windows screening her from the eyes of those gathered within.  She went stealthly to the nook wherein Troy had worked at pl...
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Idioms & Phrases: The Top and Tail

Top and tail is a versatile idiom and technique used across several contexts.  Most commonly it refers to specific method of washing a baby's face and bottom using cotton wool and warm water, trimming the ends of vegetables, sleeping head to toe with someone or placing a train engine at both ends.  The exact meaning depends on context:  Parenting This is a method for keeping a baby clean between baths or before the umbilical cord falls off.  You wash the face and upper body (the top) using warm water and cotton balls, and then clean the bottom (the tail) using fresh water and clean cotton. Cooking  It means the trimming off the hard inedible parts at each end of the fruit or vegetable, such as the ends of green beans or carrots before cooking. Sleeping  When two people share a same bed or sleep in the same room, they may sleep with their heads facing opposite directions (head-to-toe) to save space or maximize comfort. Railway Refers to train operation where...
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Sheenen

In Chapter 56 of Far From The Madding Crowd, the word sheenen is an old dialectical or poetic form related to sheen, meaning brightness.  The entire lines run:  "Few worn-out traps all a-sheenen  Wi' long years of handlen."  Trap here means cart; wi' means with and handlen meaning handled. It means the old carts had become smooth and glossy from many years of being handled.  The shine is not because they are new or polished, rather it is the rich patina that develops after decades of use -- worn smooth by hands, harmesses, weather and constant use. Hardy often notices such details finding beauty in objects that have served genrations. 
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Fifty Five: Far From The Madding Crowd: Thomas Hardy: The March Following Bathsheba Boldwood

The month of March.  A breezy day without sunshine, frost or dew.  On Yalbury hill, midway between Weatherbury and Casterbridge, where the turn-pike passes over the crest, numerous groups of people had gathered, their eyes stretched a distant north. The groups consisted of idlers, javelin men, and two trumpeters.  In the midst were carriages, one of which contained the sheriff in uniform.  Among the idlers were Weatherbury men and boys, and included Joseph Poorgrass, Jan Coggan, and Cain Ball.  They were waiting there for half an hour, and a travelling carriage brought one of the judges, which came up the hill and halted at the top.  The judge changed carriages , while the trumpets were blown and the procession proceeded towards the town, while the Weatherbury men returned home to their work. "Joseph, I saw you squeezing close to the carriage," said Coggan as they walked.  "Did you see my lord judge's face?  "I saw," said Poorgrass, "I looked hard...
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