Sumerian Civilization

Sumerian Civilization of Mesopotamia is widely considered the earliest civilization in the world, having emerged in southern Iraq around 4500 to 4000 BCE. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates river, it produced world's first city Uruk and the first writing system Cuneiform. 

Sumer and Mesopotamia were not identical.  Mesopotamia is the name of the entire region Sumer was a subregion within it.  Mesopotamia was a vast area around and between Tigris and Euphratese rivers covering modern day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iraq, Sumer was specifically the southern most part of the region, near the Persian Gulf. Sumerians were one of the many ethnic groups that lived in Mesopotamia.  The other groups were Akkadians, Babylonoans, and Assyrians.  Sumerian culture eventually faded and it was absorbed by Babylonian
and Babylonian empires. 

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